Intetho Enentiyo Njengendlela Yokunyhashwa Kwamalungelo Abantu: Imeko Yenkululeko Yokuthetha eMzantsi Afrika

Bathandwa Xhaka

Amagqabantshintshi

Amagama angundoqo: Intetho enentiyo, inkululeko yokuthetha, ucalucalulo, ubuhlanga, izenyeliso, amalungelo abantu, ukunyhanswa kwamalungelo, inkululeko yokuzityanda igila.

Intshayelelo

Olu uphando luphanda nzulu malunga nentetho enentiyo nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu ingakumbi kwilizwe loMzantsi Afrika. Esona sizekabani esibangela ukuba kubhalwe phantsi kwesi sihloko, kukuba ilizwe loMzantsi Afrika ligutyungelwe ziingxaki eziphenjelelwa zizinto ezifana nentetho enentiyo, ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu, ucalucalulo, izenyeliso nezinye.

Nangona kunjalo, kukholeleka ukuba intetho enentiyo nje iyodwa ayiwanyhashi amalungelo abantu, kodwa ithi inyhashe amalungelo abantu xa ithe yayintetho enocalucalulo okanye ubuhlanga ngokwesini okanye ngokwemvelaphi yabantu abo ibhekisele kubo lo ntetho.

Olu uphando ke luza kuthi lulandele imiqathango ngokwezihloko ezahlukeneyo, kwaye kuza kugxininiswa kumagama angundoqo athe abalululwa apha ngasentla. UDr Shanti noDr Alok (2011: 15) bathi, uphando ke luphando ngobugcisa obucwangcisiweyo. Oko kukuthi xa kusenziwa uphando kufuneka kwenziwe isicwangciso okanye kucwangciswe ngokufanelekileyo.

NgokukaSAHRC (2017: 4), intetho enentiyo yintetho ekrwada engathi idobalalise isidima somntu okanye seqela elithile. Ikwa lulo naluphi na uhlobo lwentetho apho izithethi zijonga ukunyelisa okanye ukuhlazisa umntu okanye iqela elithile labantu ngokobuhlanga, inkolo okanye imvelaphi yobuzwe.

Indlela yokuqhutywa kophando

Ukuqhuba olu phando kusetyenziswe indlela yokuqhuba uphando ebizwa ngokuba luphandontyilazwi. Kuthe kwaseyenziswa le ndlela yophando kuba umphandi usebenzise idatha esele ikho.

Umzekelo, iincwadi, iiJenali, amaphephandaba nezinye. Kungako ke kubalulekile kusetyenziswe udidi lophando uphandontyilazwi kuba iyakuthi iphendule imibuzo enje ngo njani, nini, phi? yolu uphando. Konke oku kuhambelana nendlela yophando uphandontyilazwi.

Intetho enentiyo

Kukholeleka ukuba ayiyo nayiphi na intetho ethethwayo ekuthiwa iqulathe intiyo, nto nje intetho enentiyo iba kuxa kunyhashwa amalungelo oluntu okanye xa kuvuselelwa ucalucalulo,ubutshaba okanye ubudlobongela kumntu okanye iqela elithile nezinye.

Intetho enentiyo ke iqulethe izinto eziliqela. Umzekelo, inkululeko yokuthetha, kukholeleka ukuba ukuze sijonge intetho enentiyo kubalulekile sijonge ilungelo lokuthetha gxebe inkululeko yokuthetha kuqala (Wessels, 2007: 50). UWessel (2007: 51) uthi, Inkululeko yokuthetha kukunika nabani na ilungelo lokuthatha isikhundla okanye umbono nokuwusasaza kumajelo eendaba, ngokupapashwa, ngopapasho lwenzululwazi, ngopapasho lwezifundo nezinye nezinye.

Oko kukuthi umntu uthetha into afuna ukuyithetha ngohlobo afuna ngalo, kwaye umntu uza neembono zakhe. uphinda athi inkululeko yokuthetha yinto eyayikhe yabalulwa kakhulu apha eMzantsi Afrika kwiminyaka emininzi egqithileyo, nangona kunjalo zikhona izinto ongenokwazi ukuzenza ngelo lungelo lokuthetha. Loo nto ithi awukwazi ukukhuthaza ubudlobongela kwintetho yakho, kulapho intetho enentiyo ithi ivele khona.

NgokukaHoward (2019: 4), inkululeko yokuthetha iquka ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ngaphandle kokuzoyikisela. Kukholeleka ukuba oluhlobo lokuthetha lunika abantu igunya lokuthetha ngokuphandle. Ngoko ke inganalo igalelo ekubeni kuzalwe intetho enentiyo.

Kwi-intanethi

Ezinye zezinto ezibalulwa njengezingunozala wentetho enentiyo ziquka amajelo ezonxibelelwano. NgokukaKeen (2016: 7) xa intetho enentiyo igcwele kumajelo ezonxibelelwano lo nto ithetha ukuba sinengxaki engekaqatshelwa lilizwe jikelele. Lo nto ithi ukulwa nentetho enentiyo kumajelo ezonxibelelwano iseyingxaki enkulu kumntu wonke.

UKeen (2016: 7), aphinda athi intetho enentiyo ekumajelo ezonxibelelwano isivezela ukuba iingcambu zale nyewe zikwiindawo esihlala kuzo, kwaye ukuqhawula ezongcambu akunakuchaza esona sizekabani sale ngxaki. Lo nto ithetha ukuba isuka kude le ntiyo akungoku ikho kwaye ibikhona kwatanci.

Uhambisa ngelithi kwixesha langoku abantu basebenzisa i-intanethi. Basebenzisa lamajelo ukwenza ezizinto zilandelayo, ukuthetha nabanye abantu, ukwakha ubuhlobo nezinye nezinye. Nangona sikwafumana izinto ezintle kwalapha, kukwalapho inzondo ixhaphake khona kuba kaloku kukho iindidi ngendidi zabantu, kwaye bathetha nantoni na abafuna ukuyithetha.

Ukunqanda intetho enentiyo kwiintanethi ke akululanga yiyo lo nto abantu basebenzisa yona ukucalucalula abanye. Nangona kunjalo, zininzi izinto ebekufanele ukuba ziyenziwa ukulwa nale nyewe.

Umzekelo, kwazisa abantu ngentetho enentiyo kumajelo ezonxibelelwano nakubomi benene, ukuxhasa amalungelo oluntu nokulwa nentetho enentiyo ukuze abantu abasakhulayo baphile impilo eyiyo, ukwakha izixhobe ze-intanethi ezizakulwa nentetho enentiyo, ukufundisa abantu ngamaqonga ezonxibelelwano nokulwa netho enentiyo kulamaqonga, izinto emakuthethwe ngazo nezinto emakungathethwa ngazo. Owona nobangelwa woku kukuba intetho enentiyo seyikhathaze abantu abaninzi, kwaye abanye baphulukene nemiphefumlo yabo.

Ngokobuhlanga

Nanjengoko besele kutshiwo ukuba intetho enentiyo icaciswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kubalulekile ukuba sazi ukuba intetho enentiyo iyabakhubaza kakhulu abo bangamaxhoba ayo.UBrink (2006: 119), uthi intetho enentiyo idinga ukuba kunyenyiswe izinto ezithile kwilungelo lokuthetha okanye lokuzityanda igila. Uphinda athi intetho enentiyo iqulathe ubudlobongela obuninzi, lo nto yenza kubenzima kwabo bangamaxhoba wentetho enentiyo.

Nangona kunjalo, ukulwa nayo kubonakala kunzima kunokuyinyamezela. Ukubeka imiqathango yentetho enentiyo ithi lo nto iveza imiba yezopolitiko kwaye kubalulekile ukuba sazi nzulu ngentetho enentiyo kwakunye nemiqathango yayo. Kukholeleka ukuba intetho inentiyo kufuneka yahlulwe kwezinye nje iziganeko ezithi zenzeke.

Nangona kunjalo kukho izinto ekuthiwa lulaphulo mthetho nazo ezibangwa lucalucalulo, kodwa intetho inentiyo iyakwazi ukungenzi into olulwaphulomthetho. Intetho enentiyo inokubonwa njengobugwenxa kumthetho woluntu kwaye kubalulekile ukuba amaziko athile ayekisa abantu ukuzibandakanya nentetho enentiyo.

NgokukaBrink (2006: 121), imithetho emiselwe ukunqanda intetho enentiyo inqabile. Kungako ke, kubalulekile ukuba abantu bafundiswe ngentetho enentiyo.

Intetho enentiyo ngokwekomishoni yamalungelo oluntu

Ikomishoni yamalungelo oluntu yaseMzantsi Afrika nayo inayo into eyithethayo ngentetho enentiyo. Yenza oko ukuza nolwazi nengcaciso ephangaleleyo ngentetho enentiyo. Ithi, intetho enentiyo ingachazwa njengo luvo oluthi luqulathe isithuko okanye intetho engamnkelekanga enokuthi idobalalise isidima somntu othile (SAHRC, 2017: 1).

Baphinde bathi, into ephembelela intetho enentiyo abangayiqapheliyo ngamaqonga ezonxibelelwano. Lamaqonga ezonxibelelwano kulapho abantu baveza izimvo zabo ezithi zihlukumeze abanye abantu. Into yokusetyenziswa kwamaqonga ezonxibelelwano ngabantu iphembelela intetho enentiyo.

Le komishoni yamalungelo (2017: 3), ithi luninzi utshitsho ukufuneka lwenziwe ukunqanda oludushe lwentiyo okumaqonga onxibelelwano. Ngokokwabo amagama anje, imfene, iinkawu xa ebhekise emntwini achazwa kwantlantlolo yinkundla ukuba awafuneki kwaye aqulathe intiyo. Ziliqela ke izinto ezimbi nezenziwa yintetho enentiyo kuluntu,

∙ Iphelisa ukuzithemba ebantwini.

∙ Ibangela intlungu, unxunguphalo, nokubhanxeka.

∙ Ithoba isidima.

∙ Inyhasha ilungelo lesidima somntu Kuthiwa nabani na unalo ilungelo lokuthetha na ntoni na afuna ukuyitetha ngokwa lekomishoni.

Lo nto ithetha ukuba inkululeko yokuthetha wonke umntu unayo. Nangona kunjalo, bathi ayithi lo nto umntu makathethe izinto ezikhubekisa abantu, aqale umlo, ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, imvelaphi, isini kwakunye nenkolo. Enye yezinto abazibalulayo kukuba kunqandwe intetho enentiyo.

Inqandwa ngokuba bathi akukho namnye umntu okufuneka athethe into enokwenza nokucalula abanye abantu kumaqonga onxibelelwano kwasebantwini nje jikelele. Ngokwa le komishoni abantu banalo ilungelo lokuthetha nantoni na, ngoba inkululeko yokuthetha iyabavumela.

Nangona kunjalo, mabangathethi izinto eziqulethe intiyo. Kukholeleka ukuba zininzi izinto ezenziwayo ukulwa nentetho enentiyo ingakumbi apha eMzantsi Afrika. Ezo zinto ziquka ezi zilandelayo

∙ Ukubeka esweni ubuhlanga kwakunye nentetho enentiyo ngamaqumrhu amaninzi.

∙ Imithetho elwa nokuhlukunyenzwa kwabantu basemzini, ngokobuhlanga.

∙ Imigomo nemibandela, imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo elwa gxebe ejongana nemiba yokuthetha.

Kuzo zonke ezi zinto le Komishoni Yamalungelo Oluntu eMzantsi Afrika, ithi zininzi izinto abantu ekufuneka bazenze xa bezizisulu zentetho enentiyo, oko kuquka kuya enkundleni zamatyala, kuba zikhona iinkundla ezihlalela imiba enje.

Kukholeleka ukuba iinkundla ziyakwazi ukubeka imibandela ethi makabhatale lowo ubenesandla sokudala inetho enentiyo komnye umntu. Oku kulapha ngentla zizimvo zekomishoni yamalungelo oluntu eMzantsi Afrika malunga nentetho enentiyo. Zininzi ke izinto le komishoni ezibalulayo malunga nentetho enentiyo, okulungileyo kwakunye nokugalunganga.

Uqukumbelo

Ezona njongo zolu phando ibikukwenza uphando ngentetho enentiyo njengendlela yokunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu ingakumbi imeko yenkululeko yokuthetha eMzantsi Afrika. Iziphumo zisibonisa ukuba intetho enentiyo iseyinto ekhoyo kwaye iyingxaki, hayi eMzantsi Afrika kuphela kodwa nakwezinye iindawo zehlabathi.

Ezinye iziphumo zibonisa ukuba intetho enentiyo ayinyhashi amalungelo abantu kuphela, kodwa ithoba nesidima salowo uthe walixhoba kwaye abanye ibenza bacinezeleke ngokwasengqondweni.

Imbali ngombhali

UBathandwa Xhaka ngumfundi kwiDyunivesithi yaseNtshona Koloni, nalapho afunda khona izifundo zeMasters of Arts kwilwimi lesiXhosa. UBathandwa Xhaka osakhasayo nonothando lolwimi lwesiXhosa.